The Lift Line
Where small enterprises are most numerous is not where they create the most value, or pay the best: India’s informal economy is many economies.
Why This Editorial Matters for Your Exam
The informal sector is central to GS3 answers on employment, MSMEs and inclusive growth, but most answers treat it as one block. This editorial uses the first district-level estimates from the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2025 to show its diversity. It pairs with our report on MoSPI’s Sources and Methods for the new GDP series, which now uses ASUSE for household-sector estimates.
GS Paper 3: Indian economy: growth, development and employment; inclusive growth; MSMEs. GS Paper 1: Role of women; regional disparities; distribution of industries.
| Concept | Meaning | Why it is testable |
|---|---|---|
| Unincorporated enterprise | A business not registered as a company, typically a proprietorship or partnership | The unit ASUSE surveys |
| Establishment | A unit of an enterprise at a single location; ASUSE counts both own-account establishments (no hired worker) and hired-worker establishments | The unit behind the 79.2 million count |
| Gross value added (GVA) | Value of output minus intermediate consumption | Measures value creation, not headcount |
| Relative standard error (RSE) | A measure of how precise a survey estimate is | Why some district figures need caution |
Background and Context
The survey. ASUSE is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). It covers unincorporated non-agricultural establishments in manufacturing, trade and other services. The 2025 round is the first to publish district-level estimates, for 757 districts.
National picture, ASUSE 2025.
| Indicator | Figure |
|---|---|
| Establishments | 79.2 million |
| Workers | 128.1 million |
| Leading States by establishments and workers | Uttar Pradesh, then West Bengal and Maharashtra |
| States whose GVA share exceeds their share of establishments | Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu |
How concentrated the sector is.
| Half of the sector’s... | ...is found in |
|---|---|
| Establishments | 130 districts |
| Workers | 121 districts |
| Gross value added | Only 95 districts |
The Analysis
1. Value is more concentrated than activity. Enterprises and jobs are spread more widely than value added. The largest clusters of establishments are all in West Bengal: North 24 Parganas (1.6 million), South 24 Parganas (1.03 million) and Kolkata (0.88 million). Within Maharashtra, the top eight districts hold more than half the establishments and the top ten 59 per cent; Pune alone has about 600,000 establishments and 1.27 million workers.
2. Numbers are not value. Rangareddy (Telangana) records GVA of about Rs 6.64 lakh per market establishment and Rs 2.72 lakh per worker, against about Rs 4.79 lakh and Rs 2.28 lakh in Pune. The editorial cautions that “GVA per worker” is not pure productivity, because industry mix, capital intensity and local conditions matter, but the gap shows that where enterprises are most numerous is not where each worker produces most.
3. Pay varies several-fold. Annual emoluments per hired worker are about Rs 4.64 lakh in Dehradun, against around Rs 80,000 in some districts of Bihar and Jharkhand. The informal sector contains “very different labour markets, not merely different numbers of small enterprises”.
4. Women’s work is regionally concentrated. Women are at least a third of the workforce in 237 districts, concentrated in the North-East and South. They are nearly 70 per cent of workers in Imphal East (Manipur), 78.41 per cent in Nirmal and 69.6 per cent in Nizamabad (both Telangana). Female ownership reaches 80 per cent in Nirmal and 72 per cent in Imphal East.
5. The conclusion. “India does not have a single unincorporated economy. It has many local economies.” District policy must look beyond enterprise counts, while heeding the NSO’s warning that some district estimates have high relative standard errors.
The precision that earns marks. Quote the concentration triad: 130 districts for half the establishments, 121 for half the workers, 95 for half the GVA. It proves, in one line, that value is more concentrated than activity.
Data and Institutions Vault
Prelims-grade facts:
ASUSE 2025:
- ASUSE is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO), MoSPI.
- It covers unincorporated non-agricultural enterprises in manufacturing, trade and other services.
- ASUSE 2025 estimates 79.2 million establishments and 128.1 million workers.
- The 2025 round gave the first district-level estimates, for 757 districts.
- Half of GVA comes from just 95 districts; half of establishments from 130; half of workers from 121.
- North 24 Parganas has the most establishments (1.6 million).
- Women are at least a third of workers in 237 districts.
Related institutions and schemes:
- ASUSE data now feed household-sector estimates in the new GDP series with base year 2022-23.
- The Udyam Assist Platform (2023) brings informal micro enterprises into the formal MSME fold.
- SFURTI (Scheme of Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries) supports clusters of traditional industries.
Prelims, the traps:
- ASUSE covers non-agricultural enterprises only; farm activity is outside it.
- Unincorporated means not registered as a company; it is not the same as “illegal” or “unregistered for tax”.
- ASUSE is an NSO survey; the Annual Survey of Industries covers the registered factory sector.
⚠️ Watch the trap: “GVA per worker” is not a clean productivity measure. It also reflects the mix of industries, capital intensity and local prices, as the editorial warns.
The Debate
Target by district. Uniform national schemes spread thin. District data let credit, skilling and infrastructure follow local industries, and let women-focused support go where women already run enterprises.
Beware false precision. District estimates from a national sample are noisy in many districts. Policy that reacts to every district number could chase statistical noise; the data are a guide, not a ranking.
The balanced verdict. Use district estimates to shape differentiated strategies for groups of districts (high-value, low-pay, high female participation), and improve sample sizes and administrative data (Udyam, GST, e-Shram) to sharpen them over time.
How to Think About This
Disaggregate before you prescribe. National averages hide the variation that policy has to work with. Whenever you write about employment, poverty, health or education, ask what the district or State spread looks like, and whether one scheme can serve all of it. Then check the precision of the finer data before relying on it. Answers that show both instincts, disaggregation and caution, stand out.
Diagram-in-Words
India's unincorporated non-farm sector is not one economy but many local economies. Discuss, with reference to the first district-level estimates of the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises, and suggest how policy should respond. (250 words)
The unincorporated non-agricultural sector (small, unregistered manufacturing, trade and service units) employs well over a hundred million people. The National Statistics Office’s Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2025 estimates 79.2 million establishments employing 128.1 million workers, and for the first time gives estimates for 757 districts.
The district data show four kinds of variation. First, concentration: only 95 districts produce half the sector’s value added, while half the enterprises are spread over 130 districts, so value is more concentrated than activity.
Second, productivity: value added per worker in Rangareddy (about Rs 2.72 lakh) exceeds that in Pune (about Rs 2.28 lakh), one of the largest clusters of establishments, reflecting industry mix, urban markets and capital intensity. Third, pay: annual emoluments per hired worker range several-fold across districts, from over Rs 4.5 lakh in some urban districts to about Rs 80,000 in parts of Bihar and Jharkhand.
Fourth, gender: women form at least a third of the workforce in 237 districts and dominate ownership in parts of the North-East and Telangana. Policy implications follow.
Uniform national schemes miss this diversity; district plans can match credit through the Udyam Assist Platform and Mudra loans, skilling, and cluster infrastructure under schemes such as SFURTI to local industries. High-value districts need formalisation and market access; low-pay districts need productivity support and diversification; districts with high female participation need women-focused credit, childcare and market linkages.
The data also sharpen national accounts, since ASUSE now feeds household-sector estimates in the new GDP series. Estimates with high standard errors must be read with care.
District-level data turn the informal sector from an aggregate into a map. Policy that follows the map, rather than the count of enterprises, can raise both productivity and pay where they are lowest.
Interview Angle
"District-level data show that the places with the most small enterprises are not the places where each worker produces the most. What should a District Collector do with such data?"
Takeaway Box
- ASUSE 2025: 79.2 million establishments, 128.1 million workers, first estimates for 757 districts.
- Concentration: 95 districts give half the GVA; 130 have half the establishments; 121 half the workers.
- Value and pay differ: Rangareddy’s GVA per worker tops Pune’s; pay ranges from about Rs 4.64 lakh (Dehradun) to about Rs 80,000.
- Women: at least a third of workers in 237 districts; majority in Imphal East, Nirmal, Nizamabad.
- Policy: district-specific, with caution about survey precision.
Sources: Business Standard, MoSPI
Business Standard argues that the National Statistics Office’s first district-level estimates from the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2025 show that India has many local informal economies, differing in scale, value added, pay and women’s participation, and that district policy must therefore look beyond counting enterprises.
- Nationally, ASUSE 2025 estimates 79.2 million establishments employing 128.1 million workers across 757 districts; Uttar Pradesh leads in establishments and workers, followed by West Bengal and Maharashtra, but Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have a larger share of value added than of establishments.
- Value is more concentrated than enterprises or jobs: 130 districts hold half the establishments, 121 half the workers, but only 95 districts half of gross value added; North 24 Parganas alone has 1.6 million establishments.
- GVA per establishment and per worker vary widely, from about Rs 6.64 lakh and Rs 2.72 lakh in Rangareddy to about Rs 4.79 lakh and Rs 2.28 lakh in Pune, and annual pay per hired worker from about Rs 4.64 lakh in Dehradun to around Rs 80,000 in parts of Bihar and Jharkhand.
- Women make up at least a third of the workforce in 237 districts, and about 70 per cent in Imphal East and 78.41 per cent in Nirmal (Telangana), where female ownership reaches 80 per cent.
District estimates from a sample survey carry high standard errors in many districts, as the NSO itself cautions, and GVA per worker reflects industry mix and capital intensity, not pure productivity; over-reading them could misdirect policy.
Use district estimates, with caution about their precision, to target credit, skilling, cluster infrastructure and women’s enterprise support to local conditions, rather than designing uniform national schemes around enterprise counts.
Cite this page: Many Informal Economies, Not One: What the First District-Level ASUSE Estimates Reveal — Ujiyari.com | Free UPSC & State PCS Editorial Analysis
