An intense fear, hostility, or prejudice directed toward people from other countries or perceived as culturally foreign

Greek xenos (stranger/foreigner) + phobos (fear); the term gained sociological currency in the 20th century alongside the study of nationalism and migration

Nativism Chauvinism Ethnocentrism Intolerance Parochialism
Cosmopolitanism Multiculturalism Openness Inclusivity
"The surge in xenophobic attacks on migrant workers from northeastern India in metropolitan cities underscored the urgent need for anti-discrimination legislation at the national level."

Use in GS-1 (Indian society, diversity) and GS-2 (governance, rights) answers on internal migration, anti-migrant violence, and hate crimes. Also critical in GS-2 IR answers on refugee crises, anti-Muslim nationalism in Europe, and India's Citizenship Amendment Act debates. A must-know word for Essay topics on 'nationalism vs. cosmopolitanism' and 'rights of migrants'.

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