The support or sponsorship given by a patron; in politics, the use of power to award appointments, contracts, or privileges to loyal supporters rather than on merit.

Latin patronus (protector, advocate), from pater (father)

Clientelism Nepotism Favoritism
Meritocracy Fairness
"The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission warned that political patronage in civil service postings was eroding the merit principle and compromising the neutrality of the permanent executive."

Use in GS2 Governance answers on civil service reforms, lateral entry, electoral politics, and the nexus between politicians and bureaucrats. Also relevant in GS4 Ethics when discussing integrity and impartiality in public service.

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