Excessive pride, arrogance, or self-confidence, especially when it leads to a downfall or catastrophic failure.

Greek hybris (insolence, pride that offends the gods), originally describing conduct that humiliated or dishonoured others

Arrogance Conceit Overconfidence
Humility Modesty Restraint
"The hubris of infrastructure developers who ignored environmental clearance processes led to massive cost overruns and legal battles that stalled projects for over a decade."

Use in GS4 Ethics and Essay answers when analysing leadership failures, policy overreach, or the danger of unchecked power. Captures the classical idea that excessive confidence invites catastrophe — highly effective in narrative-style Mains essays and Case Studies.

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