The process of combining several things into a single, stronger, more effective whole

Latin consolidare — to make solid (con- = together + solidus = solid)

Merger Amalgamation Streamlining Integration
Fragmentation Dispersal Dissolution
"PSB consolidation between 2019 and 2020 reduced the number of public sector banks from 27 to 12, improving operational efficiency and capital adequacy."

Three prominent UPSC uses: 1) Banking — PSB consolidation (2019-20); 2) Fiscal consolidation — reducing fiscal deficit toward FRBM targets; 3) Democratic consolidation — strengthening of democratic institutions post-independence. Used in GS-2 (governance, polity), GS-3 (banking, economy). Stronger than 'merging' in formal answers.

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