Characterised by treating the whole system or person rather than isolated parts.

Greek holos (whole), coined as holism by Jan Smuts in 1926

Integrated Comprehensive All-encompassing
Fragmented Piecemeal Reductive
"Tackling malnutrition demands a holistic approach that combines food security, sanitation, maternal health, and women's education."

Use in Essay conclusions and GS2 answers to advocate integrated, cross-sectoral policy responses.

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