The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is conducted by which agency, and which three core indicators does it measure?
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). Launched in April 2017, PLFS replaced the older NSSO Employment-Unemployment Surveys and provides quarterly urban data and annual rural-urban estimates. Its three core indicators are: Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) — share of working-age population in the labour force; Worker Population Ratio (WPR) — share of employed persons in total population; and Unemployment Rate (UR) — share of unemployed persons in the labour force.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
PLFS introduced continuous measurement of labour markets, unlike the older quinquennial surveys. It provides both ‘usual status’ (activity over 365 days) and ‘current weekly status’ (activity over the last 7 days) measures of employment, which capture different dimensions of labour underutilisation. Female LFPR in India remains around 30-37% — among the lowest in Asia — making women’s labour force participation a critical development and policy indicator. PLFS data feeds into National Accounts Statistics and is used for SDG monitoring under Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth).
The Chagos Archipelago dispute involves which island nation claiming sovereignty, and what is the strategic significance of the Diego Garcia facility located there?
The Chagos Archipelago is claimed by Mauritius, which argues it was unlawfully separated before its independence in 1968 when the UK detached the islands in 1965. Diego Garcia hosts a major US-UK military installation — one of the most strategically significant bases in the Indian Ocean, used for air and naval operations across the Middle East and Asia. The ICJ issued an advisory opinion in 2019 holding that decolonisation of Mauritius was not lawfully completed. In May 2025, the UK signed a treaty ceding sovereignty to Mauritius while retaining a 99-year lease on the Diego Garcia base.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
The Chagos-Diego Garcia issue combines decolonisation law, geopolitics, and Indian Ocean strategy. The UK unilaterally detached the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 — three years before Mauritius became independent in 1968 — and evicted about 1,500 Chagossian residents to build the US base. The 2019 ICJ advisory opinion (backed by a 116-6 UNGA resolution) declared the decolonisation incomplete. Negotiations culminated in the May 2025 UK-Mauritius treaty. For India, any external military presence in the Indian Ocean affects its strategic calculations; India backed the 2025 agreement.
The IndiaAI Mission, approved in March 2024, carries an approximate outlay of how much, and what is its primary purpose?
The Union Cabinet approved the IndiaAI Mission in March 2024 with an outlay of Rs 10,372 crore over five years. Its seven pillars are: IndiaAI Compute Capacity (Rs 4,563 crore for 10,000+ GPU cluster), FutureSkills, Startup Financing (Rs 1,942 crore), Application Development Initiative, Safe and Trusted AI, IndiaAI Innovation Centre (for large multimodal models), and the Datasets Platform (for non-personal open datasets). Unlike a narrow startup scheme, it treats AI as national public infrastructure.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
AI leadership depends on three foundational elements: computing power (GPUs and cloud infrastructure), quality data (diverse, well-labelled datasets), and skilled people (AI researchers and engineers) — all expensive and unequally distributed globally. India’s AI strategy emphasises domestic language technologies (India has 22 scheduled languages and hundreds more), public-interest AI for agriculture, health and education, and an open-source innovation ethos. The IndiaAI Datasets Platform creates a one-stop repository of non-personal government datasets for Indian startups and researchers. India has been advocating for equitable AI governance at G20 and multilateral forums.
World Hearing Day is observed on March 3 every year. The 2026 theme focused on which population group?
World Hearing Day 2026, observed on March 3, carried the theme “From communities to classrooms: hearing care for all children.” Organised by WHO, the campaign emphasised integrating hearing care into school health and child health programmes. Hearing loss in children affects speech development, school performance, social interaction, and mental health. In India, this connects to newborn hearing screening, school health programmes, assistive devices, and inclusive education policies under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
India’s Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 recognises hearing impairment as one of 21 disability categories and mandates equal access to education, providing 5% reservation in higher education and 4% in government jobs for persons with benchmark disabilities. The Unique Disability ID (UDID) portal provides centralised disability certificates. WHO estimates that 1 in 4 people globally will have hearing problems by 2050 if current trends continue. Unaddressed hearing loss costs the global economy USD 980 billion annually, making hearing health both a public health and economic priority.
The PLFS indicator called Worker Population Ratio (WPR) measures which specific metric?
Worker Population Ratio (WPR) measures the proportion of employed persons in the total population. It differs from Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR), which measures the proportion of people who are either employed or actively seeking work. WPR is used to understand what share of a country’s population is actually contributing to economic output. A high WPR combined with a high LFPR indicates productive employment; a gap between them indicates open unemployment.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
In India, WPR has risen for women in recent PLFS surveys, driven partly by a rise in self-employment and agricultural work in rural areas. However, a rise in WPR does not automatically indicate improved welfare if it is driven by distress self-employment — for example, women working on family farms without wages due to economic hardship (this is captured as ‘unpaid family worker’ status in PLFS). Quality of work — regular wages, formal contracts, social protection coverage — matters as much as the raw quantity of employment. The ILO recommends tracking under-employment alongside WPR for a complete picture.
Regarding the Chagos Archipelago, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion in 2019. What did this opinion conclude?
The ICJ’s 2019 advisory opinion held that the process of decolonisation of Mauritius was not lawfully completed because the UK separated the Chagos Archipelago in 1965 — three years before Mauritian independence — without the free and genuine consent of the Mauritian people. The ICJ called on the UK to end its administration of the territory as rapidly as possible. The UNGA passed a supporting resolution 116-6 in 2019. This culminated in the May 2025 UK-Mauritius sovereignty agreement.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
ICJ advisory opinions are not legally binding but carry significant moral and political weight under international law. This case illustrates how colonial-era territorial adjustments continue to generate legal disputes decades after independence. Under the May 2025 treaty, Mauritius gained full sovereignty over the archipelago while the UK retained a 99-year lease on Diego Garcia, with a trust fund of GBP 40 million and annual grants of GBP 45 million for 25 years payable to Mauritius. The case is a landmark in the application of the right to self-determination under UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (1960).
Which of the following best describes the concept of multi-alignment in Indian foreign policy, as exemplified by India’s participation in the Raisina Dialogue?
Multi-alignment in Indian foreign policy means India engages with multiple major powers simultaneously, forms issue-specific coalitions rather than permanent alliances, and preserves strategic autonomy to make independent decisions. This is reflected in India being part of QUAD (with USA, Japan, Australia) while also engaging with Russia on energy and defence, China on trade, and the EU on technology — without formally joining any military bloc.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
The Raisina Dialogue, jointly organised by the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), is India’s premier annual geopolitics conference, first held in 2016. Named after Raisina Hill — where Rashtrapati Bhavan and South Block are located — it positions India as a thought leader on global order issues. Multi-alignment is distinct from Cold War non-alignment: India today actively engages all major powers but on its own terms, using each partnership to advance specific national interests. This strategic doctrine is also framed as India being a ‘Vishwamitra’ (friend of the world) rather than a member of any bloc.
AI as a national ecosystem, as envisioned under the IndiaAI Mission, requires which three foundational elements that are expensive and unequally distributed globally?
AI leadership requires three foundational elements: computing power (GPUs and cloud infrastructure for training AI models), quality data (diverse, well-labelled datasets in relevant languages and domains), and skilled people (AI researchers, engineers, data scientists). These are expensive and unevenly distributed globally, creating AI power concentration in the USA and China. IndiaAI aims to democratise access to all three — the compute initiative creates shared government-backed GPU clusters accessible to startups, researchers, and government agencies at subsidised rates.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
India has relative advantages in the skilled people dimension — a large pool of STEM graduates, English-proficient workforce, and diaspora in global AI companies. India’s historical weakness has been compute (limited domestic GPU infrastructure) and high-quality labelled datasets in Indian languages. The IndiaAI Datasets Platform addresses data gaps by providing open non-personal government datasets. This is analogous to how public road or electricity infrastructure is built because private investment alone cannot serve broad public needs. The mission targets setting up more than 10,000 GPUs as public AI compute infrastructure.
Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in India is notably lower among women than men. Which of the following is NOT a structural reason for this gap?
The Factories Act and associated labour laws in India no longer impose blanket restrictions on women working. The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (2020) explicitly expanded women’s rights to work in factories at night with adequate safety provisions. The real structural barriers to female LFPR are: unpaid care work burden, safety concerns in commuting and at workplaces, absence of affordable childcare infrastructure, limited access to credit for self-employment, and social norms — not legal restrictions.
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
Female LFPR in India is approximately 30-37% according to PLFS data, among the lowest in Asia although recent surveys show an upward trend driven largely by rural agricultural and self-employment activities. Quality LFPR improvement requires structural interventions: childcare support (Anganwadis and creches near workplaces), safer public mobility, flexible work policies, and access to credit for women entrepreneurs. The Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 provides 26 weeks paid maternity leave for establishments with 10 or more employees and mandates creche facilities in establishments with 50 or more employees — steps in the right direction.
Hearing loss in children is classified as a disability under Indian law. Which act governs rights of persons with disabilities in India, and how many disability categories does it recognise?
The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 replaced the earlier Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995. It expanded recognised disability categories from 7 to 21, incorporating hearing impairment, speech and language disability, specific learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorder, chronic neurological conditions, blood disorders (thalassemia, haemophilia, sickle-cell disease), and multiple disabilities. India is also a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD, 2006).
🎯 Concept Kit — tap to expand
The RPwD Act mandates 5% reservation in higher education institutions and 4% reservation in government jobs for persons with benchmark disabilities (40% or above disability). It also provides for accessible voting, inclusive education (every child with disability entitled to free education up to age 18), and accessible public infrastructure. The Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (DEPwD) under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment implements the Act. The Unique Disability ID (UDID) scheme creates a national database linking disability certificates to Aadhaar for targeted welfare delivery.