CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) differs from a plain FTA (Free Trade Agreement) in that a CEPA additionally covers which areas beyond goods?
A CEPA covers goods, services, investment, and intellectual property — making it broader than a plain FTA which typically covers mainly goods trade. India has CEPAs with UAE (effective May 2022), Australia (interim ECTA effective December 2022), and Mauritius (effective April 2021). The India-Canada CEPA negotiations were launched at Hyderabad House, New Delhi in March 2026 with a bilateral trade target of USD 50 billion by 2030.
💡 Concept Note
India’s Ministry of Commerce and Industry negotiates trade agreements. Agreement types by scope: PTA (Preferential Trade Agreement) — partial tariff concessions on selected goods only; FTA (Free Trade Agreement) — full or near-full tariff elimination on goods; CEPA or CECA (Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement) — covers all trade dimensions including services, investment, and IPR. India is currently negotiating CEPAs with the EU, UK, and Canada. The India-UK Free Trade Agreement has been among the longest-running ongoing negotiations.
Exercise Vayushakti is the Indian Air Force's premier firepower demonstration exercise. It is conducted at which location in Rajasthan?
Exercise Vayushakti is conducted at the Pokhran Field Firing Range in Jaisalmer district, Rajasthan. Pokhran is the same location as India’s nuclear tests — Pokhran-I (Operation Smiling Buddha, 1974) and Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti, May 1998). Vayushakti-26 featured over 130 aircraft including Rafale, Su-30 MKI, Mirage-2000, LCH Prachand, and C-17 Globemaster transport aircraft.
💡 Concept Note
The LCH Prachand (Light Combat Helicopter) is India’s first indigenously developed light combat helicopter, built by HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited). It was formally inducted into the IAF in October 2022. Prachand can operate at altitudes up to 5,000 metres (demonstrated at Siachen and Leh). Vayushakti exercises are held roughly every 4-5 years and simulate joint air warfare in live-fire format — not to be confused with bilateral air exercises like Garuda (India-France) or Cope India (India-USA).
INS Anjadip — India's third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft — was built by which Defence PSU?
INS Anjadip was built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata — a Defence PSU under the Ministry of Defence. It is approximately 77 metres long, achieves 25 knots via water-jet propulsion, has a displacement of approximately 900 tonnes, and carries over 80% indigenous content. It is named after Anjadip Island near Karwar, Karnataka, and is the third of eight vessels in the Arnala-class ASW Shallow Water Craft series.
💡 Concept Note
GRSE is one of India’s premier warship builders and has delivered frigates, corvettes, patrol vessels, and ASW craft. India’s major naval shipbuilders by product type: MDL Mumbai (submarines, destroyers), GRSE Kolkata (corvettes, ASW craft), HSL Visakhapatnam (support vessels), CSL Kochi (INS Vikrant aircraft carrier). Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) capability is critical as the Indian Ocean sees increasing submarine activity, including from China’s PLA-N, which has been extending deployments into the Indian Ocean Region.
VSHORADS, successfully tested by DRDO at Chandipur, Odisha, belongs to which category of weapon system?
VSHORADS (Very Short Range Air Defence System) is a MANPADS — a man-portable air defence missile designed to destroy low-altitude aerial threats including aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, and drones. It was developed by Research Centre Imarat (RCI), Hyderabad, as an indigenous replacement for the ageing Russian Igla MANPADS. Three consecutive successful flight-trials were conducted at the Integrated Test Range (ITR), Chandipur, Odisha, in February 2026, intercepting aerial targets under extreme engagement parameters.
💡 Concept Note
MANPADS are effective at altitudes up to approximately 4-6 km. The ITR (Integrated Test Range) at Chandipur, Odisha, on the Bay of Bengal coast, is DRDO’s primary missile test range. VSHORADS employs advanced infrared homing guidance and a dual-thrust solid motor. A tripod-mounted variant was completed by October 2024; the shoulder-launched miniaturised variant is under development. VSHORADS is a flagship Atmanirbhar Bharat project that will equip both the Army and Air Defence Corps.
Yad Vashem, which PM Modi visited during his Israel trip, is described as which type of memorial?
Yad Vashem is Israel’s official Holocaust Memorial and Museum, located on the Mount of Remembrance (Har HaZikaron) in Jerusalem. It commemorates the six million Jews murdered by the Nazi regime during World War II. PM Modi’s visit included the receipt of the Medal of the Knesset, making him the first Indian Prime Minister to receive this honour. India-Israel relations were upgraded to a Comprehensive Partnership in 2017 during Modi’s historic first visit to Israel.
💡 Concept Note
The Knesset is Israel’s unicameral parliament with 120 members. Israel was established in May 1948, and India recognised Israel in 1950 but full diplomatic relations were established only in 1992. Israel is among India’s top defence suppliers. India imports defence equipment, drip irrigation technology, and cybersecurity solutions from Israel. India has maintained a policy of calibrated engagement on the Israel-Palestine issue at the UN, generally supporting the two-state solution while deepening bilateral ties.
Tamil Nadu's first Dark Sky Park was designated at Kolli Hills, Namakkal district. Kolli Hills is part of which mountain range?
Kolli Hills in Namakkal district is part of the Eastern Ghats — a common exam trap since many well-known hill stations in Tamil Nadu are associated with the Western Ghats. The hills lie at an altitude of about 1,200 metres and contain the largest expanse of shola forest in the southern Eastern Ghats. India’s first official Dark Sky Park was designated at Pench Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra, in January 2024. The Tamil Nadu Kolli Hills park features three advanced telescopes and solar-powered infrastructure.
💡 Concept Note
Dark Sky Parks are areas with minimal artificial light pollution, designated by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA), headquartered in the USA. Light pollution is a non-chemical form of environmental pollution that disrupts nocturnal animal behaviour, bird migration, marine turtle nesting, and insect activity. The Eastern Ghats are a discontinuous chain of hills running through Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu — distinct from the continuous Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.
The Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary, which hosted the Indian Bison (Gaur) Festival, is located adjacent to which dam or reservoir?
Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary in Bargarh district, Odisha, is located adjacent to the Hirakud Reservoir on the Mahanadi River. Hirakud Dam — completed in 1957 near Sambalpur — was India’s first major multipurpose river valley project after independence. At 25.8 km (including dykes) it is one of the world’s longest earthen dams. Debrigarh is known for its Gaur (Indian Bison, Bos gaurus) population and is NOT a Tiger Reserve.
💡 Concept Note
Gaur (Bos gaurus) is India’s largest wild bovine — classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (highest protection category, most stringent penalties for poaching). Despite being called Indian Bison, Gaur is not a true bison — it is more closely related to domestic cattle. The Hirakud Dam project displaced approximately 1.1 lakh people, making it one of independent India’s earliest large-scale displacement case studies.
The India Semiconductor Mission, which oversees India's semiconductor manufacturing incentive scheme, is administered by which ministry?
The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) is administered by MeitY (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology) under the Semicon India Programme worth Rs 76,000 crore (approved in December 2021). Key approved projects include the Tata Electronics semiconductor fab at Dholera SIR, Gujarat (with Powerchip Semiconductor of Taiwan) and Micron Technology’s ATMP facility at Sanand, Gujarat (investment Rs 22,516 crore, equivalent to approximately USD 2.75 billion).
💡 Concept Note
India aims to become a major semiconductor manufacturing hub. Dholera SIR (Special Investment Region) is India’s first greenfield smart city and a designated semiconductor zone in Gujarat. ATMP (Assembly, Testing, Marking and Packaging) facilities like Micron’s in Sanand package already-fabricated chips — a lower capital-intensity step than full wafer fabrication (fab), which requires USD 10-20 billion+ and ultra-clean environments. The Gujarat SemiConnect Conference 2026 was held at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar.
India has committed to malaria elimination by which target year under its National Framework for Malaria Elimination?
India has committed to achieving zero indigenous malaria transmission by 2027 under the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME) 2016-2030 and the National Strategic Plan for Malaria Elimination 2023-2027. The further target is to maintain zero transmission through 2030. India now accounts for approximately 2-3% of global malaria cases — down from over 75% of South-East Asia’s burden a decade ago. By end-2025, 160 districts in 23 States/UTs had reported zero indigenous cases.
💡 Concept Note
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. India’s primary malaria burden states are Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Meghalaya. Treatment drugs: Chloroquine (for P. vivax) and Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACT) for P. falciparum — the drug-resistant and more dangerous species. WHO’s Global Malaria Report tracks national elimination progress annually. India’s 2027 target is three years ahead of the South-East Asia regional goal.
The Exercise Kalari Leap, a joint maritime exercise involving the IAF's Southern Air Command, focused on protecting which island territory?
Exercise Kalari Leap was conducted by the IAF’s Southern Air Command over the Lakshadweep and Minicoy archipelago in the Arabian Sea in February 2026, jointly with the Armed Forces Special Operations Division and the Indian Coast Guard. Assets deployed included AN-32 transport aircraft, Mi-17V5 helicopters, and Su-30 MKI fighters. The exercise is named after Kalaripayattu, the ancient martial art originating in Kerala.
💡 Concept Note
Lakshadweep is India’s only coral atoll territory — strategically significant in the Arabian Sea and proximate to major international shipping lanes linking the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline. The Southern Air Command is headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Joint exercises between IAF, Army Special Forces, and Coast Guard reflect India’s push for integrated theatre commands and tri-service coordination — a defence reform underway since 2020 under the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) framework.