The CM-302 is an export variant of which anti-ship missile used by China's PLA Navy?
The CM-302 is the export variant of the YJ-12 (Eagle Strike-12), used by the People’s Liberation Army Navy. It is capable of speeds up to Mach 3 and has a range of approximately 300 km, making it one of the fastest anti-ship missiles available on the global arms market.
💡 Concept Note
CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, 2017) can impose secondary sanctions on third-country entities buying arms from Iran, Russia, or North Korea. India bought Russia’s S-400 air defence system despite CAATSA concerns. China’s CM-302 sale to Iran risks similar US sanctions pressure.
Tsomgo (Changu) Lake, where tourists were stranded due to snowfall, is located at approximately what altitude?
Tsomgo Lake is located at approximately 3,753 metres (12,313 ft) above sea level on the Nathu La highway in East Sikkim, near the international boundary with China.
💡 Concept Note
Nathu La Pass (4,310 m) on the same highway was a historic Silk Road crossing; it was reopened for India-China border trade in 2006. Brahminy ducks (Ruddy Shelducks) inhabit Tsomgo Lake. Climate change is increasing unpredictability of Himalayan snowfall, posing growing risks to high-altitude tourism.
The Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana compensates farmers when market prices fall below which benchmark?
BBY pays farmers the difference between the MSP (Minimum Support Price) and the market/modal price when farmers sell in APMC mandis. The government does not physically procure the produce — it only compensates the price gap via DBT.
💡 Concept Note
India’s MSP is currently calculated on the A2+FL formula (actual paid-out costs plus family labour). The Swaminathan Commission recommended C2+50%, which includes imputed rent on land. PM-AASHA (2018) includes a central-level Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) component mirroring BBY, but implementation has been limited.
Which of the following best describes the CAATSA law and its relevance to India?
CAATSA (Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, 2017) allows the US to impose secondary sanctions on entities that conduct significant transactions with Russia, Iran, or North Korea. India’s purchase of the Russian S-400 Triumf air defence system triggered CAATSA concerns, though the US granted India a waiver.
💡 Concept Note
India is one of the world’s largest defence importers. Russia historically supplied ~60-70% of India’s defence imports; this share is declining as India diversifies to the US, France, and Israel, and expands domestic production under the Defence Acquisition Procedure and Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
The States' Electricity Transition Report analysed 21 states covering what share of India's electricity demand?
The States’ Electricity Transition Report covered 21 states representing 95% of India’s total electricity demand, ranking them on multiple dimensions including Market Enablers, Consumer Empowerment, and Clean Energy targets.
💡 Concept Note
State electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) control the retail sale of power in India. State policies directly drive the pace of EV adoption, smart meter deployment, and green tariff implementation. Competitive federalism through rankings creates incentives for laggard states to reform.
The Rah-Veer scheme offers a financial incentive for assisting road accident victims within the golden hour. What is the reward amount?
The Rah-Veer scheme offers Rs 25,000 to any Good Samaritan who assists a seriously injured road accident victim and ensures they reach a hospital within the golden hour (first 60 minutes after injury). A Certificate of Appreciation is also awarded, and the reward can be claimed up to five times a year.
💡 Concept Note
India records over 1.5 lakh road accident deaths per year — among the highest globally. The Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act 2019 provides legal protection to Good Samaritans from civil and criminal liability under Section 134A. Road safety aligns with SDG 3.6, which targets halving global road traffic deaths by 2030.
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) is the commercial arm of ISRO. What is LVM3's GTO payload capacity?
The LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3) can carry 4,200 kg to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It previously launched 36+36 OneWeb satellites in January and October 2023. A planned semi-cryogenic upgrade will raise this capacity to approximately 5,200 kg to GTO.
💡 Concept Note
NSIL was set up under the Indian Space Policy 2023 to commercialise India’s space capabilities. The Indian Space Association (ISpA) represents private space companies. ISRO’s SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle), PSLV, and LVM3 cover different payload classes. SpaceX Falcon 9 can launch ~8,300 kg to GTO — India competes on price.
What is the Strait of Hormuz's approximate daily oil throughput, making it the world's most critical oil chokepoint?
Approximately 20 million barrels of crude oil and petroleum products pass through the Strait of Hormuz daily, representing about 20% of globally traded oil. The navigable lane is only 3 km wide in each direction.
💡 Concept Note
India imports approximately 88% of its crude oil needs and roughly 50% of those imports transit the Strait of Hormuz (from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar). India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) capacity is ~5.33 million metric tonnes (~9.5 days of consumption), located at Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur. The Bab-el-Mandeb (Red Sea chokepoint) and the Malacca Strait are other critical oil chokepoints for India. India has been diversifying toward Russian crude (~30% of imports) to reduce Hormuz dependence.
The Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana was first launched in which year by Madhya Pradesh?
Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana was first launched by Madhya Pradesh on 16 October 2017 by Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan to compensate soybean, groundnut, sesame, and onion farmers when market prices fell below MSP. It has been re-implemented for 2025-26 with expanded crop coverage.
💡 Concept Note
Madhya Pradesh is India’s largest soybean-producing state, accounting for approximately 50% of national output. Soybean prices frequently crash 30-40% below MSP in bumper harvest years, which is the primary driver of agrarian distress in central MP. The state’s APMC-linked DBT mechanism pioneered the Price Deficiency Payment model at state level.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the PM-AASHA scheme for agricultural income protection?
PM-AASHA (2018) has three components: PDPS (Price Deficiency Payment), PSS (Price Stabilisation via procurement), and PPSS (Private Procurement Stockist). PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) is a separate crop insurance scheme, not part of PM-AASHA.
💡 Concept Note
PMFBY is India’s crop insurance programme administered by the Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC). It covers sowing failure, standing crop losses, and post-harvest losses. States can opt out of PMFBY — several states including Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and West Bengal have withdrawn citing high premium costs.